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Showing posts with label Mars. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Mars. Show all posts

You know the problem with only updating every Sunday? Sometimes you're a bit late to the party for some seriously cool scientific news. 

Everyone with a curious bone in their body and an eye for space has been excited for the ground breaking news announced by NASA this week: that they may finally have evidence that liquid water flows on Mars...TODAY.
Not millions of years ago. Not even thousands of years ago. But now. It's briny stuff, but it's there. (Probably.)
Seriously, go read. I'll wait.
Done? Well I hope you've prepared yourself for a virtual hi-five, because we're both in a pretty cool time to be alive, eh?

One person who was definitely punching the air in joy this week was Ridley Scott's PR guy, because NASA's announcement couldn't have been better timed for the release date of his most recent film, The Martian.






The Martian is the story of a team of astronauts who are midway through their mission to Mars when, during a horrific storm on the Red Plant, they are forced to abandon the mission. During the chaotic flee back to the rocket their resident botanist, Mark Watney, is struck by debris and presumed dead. The crew make the difficult call to blast off for home, leaving Watney - who survived - behind to wake up alone.
The film is propelled forwards by Watney's isolated attempts to survive, as any return mission is likely to take years to arrive, assuming that NASA even find out that he's alive. Meanwhile NASA, who soon realise their horrific mistake, are left to measure out the worth of one person's life against their own reputations in a PR nightmare, tremendous expense and the risk to the lives of others that any rescue mission would mean. All of this is set to the ticking clock of starvation on the barren, vast world that Watney now inhabits.

Now there's no getting away from it, ladies and gentlemen, The Martian is basically Castaway in space and Matt Damon is Tom Hanks without the volleyball.




But just because we've seen this premise before (heck, we've even seen a similar premise before in space with Gravity), it doesn't mean that The Martian doesn't have something great to offer.


The first thing to mention about The Martian is that it looks gorgeous. I was lucky enough to see it in 3D on Wednesday and it is one of the few movies which feel like it was designed for 3D, as opposed to being scrapbooked together post-production and ending up looking like one of those victorian paper theatres. The opening shots of Mars' mountains are beautifully knitted together to give you a feeling of distance and depth which really helps the audience experience the wonder and threat of such an alien space. The 3D again takes a starring role in the smaller sets of the life-pods and space ships, allowing the layers to create a certain intimacy and realism. When you settle in you don't really notice the 3D any more, but you feel it. It lends a subtle authenticity that really works in this sort of movie. While this is - of course - a science fiction, the way the imagery is handled as well as realistic characters, skilled costuming and set design joined with a tight attention to scientific detail, means that you really can believe that this scenario is possible in our near future.





In tone, The Martian is an uplifting experience (especially for anyone with a curious mind) and is summed up best in Watney's declaration on survival that he is going to "Science the shit out of this!".  Overall it's an incredibly optimistic film, even in it's darkest moments. It would be too easy for Watney to want to roll over and die under the pressure of such odds - and our very first scene of his isolation where he attempts to tend to his injuries certainly make that clear - but in the end he finds the determination to live and the humor to keep his sanity. The film is a funny one that holds a humor made possible by the great acting all round, especially by Matt Damon, but the most uplifting part is his reliance on his own skills as a botanist and scientist to give him the ingenuity to survive and - briefly - to even thrive. Science hums throughout the whole film and is fascinating to learn about and, when we have our scenes on Earth this is brought fully to the forefront. 

In his review of The Martian Chris Stuckmann mentions that the chunks of time spent on Earth with NASA are perhaps the weakest points of the film, but I have to disagree. While I was always very eager to get back on Mars and check how Watney was doing, I thought that NASA's involvement brought a lot of reality and tension to the film that would have been lacking otherwise. One of the biggest themes for me in the film was the juxtapositions of isolation and community and how they interacted together, and NASA was one hell of a community, each with it's individual squabbles and pressures. The mix of the science, economy and politics of NASA were interesting to watch and the film would have been much less without this. By having this cast of characters at NASA arguing and pulling long nights, the stakes were raised that much higher. When they celebrated success it pushed a surge of well-wishing for Watney and anxiety in the hope that that effort wouldn't be wasted by circumstance on Mars. When NASA mourned failure it felt like a punch to the gut. Watching characters come together, and the sub plot of Watney's old crew and their involvement with his fate, added extra layers that knitted the story together very well.





So, how does The Martian stand up to its rivals Castway and Gravity?

I love both these films and I'm a fan of the lead actors in each, so it's difficult to compare them. I think, in terms of science, The Martian definitely takes the crown from Gravity. While Gravity is visually stunning, in The Martian you get far more a sense of what is at stake in space travel as well as what is involved. The science hums in the background as something quite complex but also fundamentally understandable and it is handled with such ambition and humor that it's a joy to watch. When it comes to acting and character development, I don't think you'll ever easily top Tom Hank's fantastic and emotive performance in Castaway, but Matt Damon does a very respectable job and his character - with his humor and intelligence - is certainly fun to watch and easy to root for. Plus The Martian creates far more of a community of characters on film (both on Earth and in Space), whereas Castaway is a very isolated experience.

On the whole, I really enjoyed The Martian and it works brilliantly as a film that focuses on science-fact without being unapproachable. If you're a fan of space travel then you definately need to check this out.




More Posts on Space:

-What happens to the human body when exposed to space?
-The 10 most fascinating things ever found in space
-The race to Europa
-[Guest Post] Project Orion and the atomic age
-Will we ever see a supernova up close?
-The wonders of snottites and the search for alien life






Some months ago there was a brilliant BBC-original TV series called Wonders of the Solar System, hosted by Brian Cox. 

Snottite Cluster by Kenneth Ingham
The series explored our whole solar system, exploring alien moons and what conditions allow our own planet to thrive, as well as questioning what was needed to find life in our own solar system.

It's one of my favourite documentaries (heck, almost anything with Brian Cox at the helm is brilliant) so I thoroughly encourage you to grab the DVD where Prof.Cox explores this week's topic with a hell of a lot more class (and budget!). You can pick up Wonders of the Solar System along with it's equally excellent sibling Wonders of the Universe here.


With all that said, if you're still here why not pull up a chair and we'll talk about one of the most intriguing creatures on our planet: Snottites.



What are snottites?

Like Slime Moulds, Snottites are not the most appealing of creatures. In fact, they're rather aptly named, but they are a remarkable scientific discovery. Appearing like a long strings of snot, they are in fact large colonies of single-cell bacteria.

Snotties live deep in caves all over the world, including North Wales, but perhaps one of the most interesting habitats for them is in Cueve de Villa Luz in Tabasco in Mexico. Here, the cave that they call their home is full with utterly toxic hydrogen sulfide gas.

Snottites are not alone in this environment, which has pools of acidic water housing pink fish and crabs closer to the surface. But deeper down, in the dangerously toxic environment the snottites thrive. Away from the sun, the Snottites are nevertheless above to do something remarkable: they can metabolise the deadly hydrogen sulfide, react it with oxygen and produce the equally deadly sulfuric acid. 


Credit: Daniel S Jones, Penn State

So what?


The sulphuric acid that snottites produce is as strong as battery acid and clearly is dangerous for humans, but it shows the very important fact that life can exist in environments that we once thought could only be barren. If snottites can metabolise in this way, then there is no reason why similar creatures can't do the same on hostile worlds.

Snottites' ability to live has become more important than ever, as recent exploration of Mars showed that it was covered in a network of caves which could be potentially open to exploration. It is now widely believed that Mars itself once held running water over its surface due to numerous canyons, horseshoe 'waterfalls', and other geographical structures that indicate the presence of water in it's past some 3 billion years ago. Furthermore traces of gipson also indicate that water was available on the surface. While the water was gone when Mars' temperature dropped and it's atmosphere was blown away by solar winds, there is the possibility of water in either liquid or ice form under its surface...in these caves.
Naturally the environment would be hostile but if snottites can subsist on hydrogen sulfide could life be supported below the surface, in these caves, where the environment is not quite so harsh as the surface?

Caves on Mars (Wikipedia)



Methane blooms on Mars
Another interesting feature of the Mars explorations was the discovery of large methane plumes which seemed to vary in seasons. These plumes still remain a mystery as, in 2001,the Curiosity rover attempted to measure the methane in the atmosphere and came out empty handed, despite the estimates that even only one plume contained 19,000 tonnes of gas. While scientists are baffled, it seems that Mars is cycling it's methane six hundred times faster than Earth, which means that there have to be major sources and pools of the gas that are creating this seasonal behaviour.

While one possible explanation is geological (see the 'mud volcanoes' that erupt methane from beneath the surface of the earth), many people are excited that this may be evidence of life on the red planet. 90% of all methane in our own atmosphere is created by life and a huge part of this is created by archaea bacteria.

What are archaea bacteria, you ask?
Hydrothermal vents in the sea
Why, our old friends the snottites and their cousins.

 Archaea bacteria have been found in some of the most hostile places on Earth. For example on the ocean floor, at 100 times atmospheric pressure and above, around hydrothermal vents that superheat the water to 300 degrees C and spew out sulphur...you can find the archaea coating the ocean floor.

While the need for water appears to be universal for life, just how much water is needed, and how full of other chemicals the environment is, are flexible. At a microbiological level it seems that life can be very hardy and very creative indeed.



But Mars is not the only place that could support alien life in our solar system

Europa
 Perhaps even more exciting than Mars as a place to support life snottite-like or otherwise, is the beautiful white moon of Europa. This moon of Jupiter is covered in a complete crust of ice that is interspaced with mysterious red lines. Looking on the surface, the ice has visibly cracked and shifted unusual distances before reforming, suggesting that underneath the ice there could be liquid that is potentially 100 kilometres deep or more. The strange red lines could potentially be blooms of colour associated with the activity of microbes.
Studies in Iceland have shown that there are some tiny micro-organisms that can actively live in frozen ice and secrete their own antifreeze proteins to create little pools of liquid water for them to live in.

Whether life takes on the shape of slime-moulds, other archaea bacteria, or the tiny ice-dissolving microbes that wriggle around in ice-caves, it seems clear that there is a huge potential for at least simple life to live and possibly even thrive on other planets.

All it takes is a little time and whole lot of research and maybe, just maybe, we're not as alone as we thought in the universe.


Sources
- The BBC's Wonders of the Solar System
-Why Evolution is True: Snottites
-Snottite in Cambrian Mine
-Extremofiles: at the Living Moon
-Caves of Mars project (Wikipedia)
-Mystery deepens as Martian methane eludes Curiosity (New Scientist)
-The Meaning of Mars' Methane: Signs of Subsurface Life? (The Daily Galaxy)